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| Eva Blue, under Unsplash license |
Now, a new meta-analysis of 38 studies finds consistent results and themes: that people engage in self-injury and/or think about suicide to alleviate some types of stress; and that the perceived stress relief that results from thoughts and behaviors indicates potential for therapy and other interventions.
Over the past 10 years, researchers have started to ask people at risk of suicide to complete surveys multiple times per day. This type of data allows for researchers to understand the thoughts, emotions and behaviors that precede self-injurious thoughts and actions.
The University of Washington conducted the data aggregation of these types of studies involving more than 1,600 participants around the world. It was published April 28 in Nature Human Behavior.
“Many researchers have been collecting this data and testing for the same finding, but there were mixed findings across studies. We wanted to see if we saw this effect when we combined these datasets,” said Kevin Kuehn, lead author of the meta-analysis and a UW doctoral student in clinical psychology.
With suicide a leading cause of death among youth and the role of self-harm, or non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), as a risk factor, Kuehn and his team wanted to look collectively at separate studies of NSSI and suicidal thoughts.
By analyzing data of individual participants in these studies, the UW researchers found that high levels of emotional distress precede both self-injury and suicidal thoughts, followed by reduced stress.
Researchers point to additional data on suicide—that a majority of people who die by suicide do not receive mental health treatment, for example—and consistent findings from the meta-analysis that stress precedes self-injury.
They say this can inform prevention and intervention efforts, such as learning how to replace self-injury and suicidal thoughts with other means of reducing stress.
“The good news is that we have effective behavioral interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy, which teach skills for managing intense emotions to replace self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Increasing access to these types of treatments is likely to reduce the prevalence of them,” Kuehn said.
One limit of the meta-analysis, researchers said, is that participants in the various studies were predominantly young white women.
Further research into self-injury and related thoughts and behaviors should focus on increasing the age, gender and racial and ethnic diversity of study samples.
In addition, the meta-analysis found only modest evidence that stress, while a connection to self-harm, could be used as a means for predicting when an individual might injure themselves.
Future studies could try to identify more precisely when and how stress leads to self-injurious thoughts and behaviors.
A meta-analysis on the affect regulation function of real-time self-injurious thoughts and behaviours
Prominent theories suggest that self-injurious thoughts and behaviours are negatively reinforced by decreased negative affect.
The present meta-analysis quantifies effects from intensive longitudinal studies measuring negative affect and self-injurious thoughts and behaviours. We obtained data from 38 of the 79 studies (48%, 22 unique datasets) involving N = 1,644 participants (80% female, 75% white).
Individual-participant data meta-analyses revealed changes in affect pre/post self-injurious thoughts and behaviours. In antecedent models, results supported increased negative affect before nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviour (k = 14, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.31) and suicidal thoughts (k = 14, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.19).
For consequence models, negative affect was reduced following nonsuicidal self-injurious thoughts (k = 6, 95% CI −0.79 to −0.44), nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviours (k = 14, 95% CI −0.73 to −0.19) and suicidal thoughts (k = 13, 95% CI −0.79 to −0.23).
Findings, which were not moderated by sampling strategies or sample composition, support the affect regulation function of self-injurious thoughts and behaviours.
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